Tropical Cyclones

Definition

Hurricanes, tropical storms, and typhoons, collectively known as tropical cyclones, are among the most devastating naturally occurring hazards in the United States. Tropical cyclones generate several different hazards, which are all addressed in this plan. High winds, heavy rainfall, tornadoes, and storm surge are all associated hazards produced by tropical cyclones.

	A hurricane is defined as a low-pressure area of closed circulation winds that originates over tropical waters. A hurricane begins as a tropical depression with wind speeds below 39 mph. As it intensifies, it may develop into a tropical storm, with further development producing a hurricane.
	A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain. The wind speeds from a tropical storm range between 39 and 74 mph. In most of the world, a storm is given a name when it reaches tropical storm intensity.

Storm surge is often the greatest tropical cyclone-related threat to property and human life. In New Orleans, the area’s low elevations and network of levees make it especially vulnerable to storm surge. New Orleans is especially vulnerable because of the threat to a system of levees that channel and hold the waters of canals, Lake Pontchartrain, and the Mississippi River. A detailed discussion of the storm surge hazard associated with hurricanes is included in the Flood hazard profile. The risks associated with Levee Failure from storm surge can be found in the Infrastructure Failure section. This subsection focuses on the effects of high winds associated with hurricanes.

Location and Extent of the Tropical Cyclone Hazard

Tropical cyclone risk in the United States extends along the entire east coast from Maine to Florida, the Gulf Coast (including Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas), and Hawaii. The southeastern United States and Gulf Coast are at most significant risk based on historical storm tracks and the warmer waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The City of New Orleans is threatened by tropical cyclones that develop in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and the entire Parish is susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms. The greatest threat to New Orleans comes during the Atlantic Ocean/Gulf Hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to November 30. Figure 27 shows all major historical hurricanes (Category 3 or higher) that impacted southeastern Louisiana within 100 miles of New Orleans from 1950 to 2019. The database was queried, and the map developed using NOAA’s Historical Hurricane Tracks database. Due to the variation in size, strength, and other variables in tropical cyclones, the entire New Orleans area is at risk for up to a Category 5 hurricane.

Figure 27: Major Historic Hurricanes Impacting Southeastern Louisiana

Source: NOAA Coastal Service Center – Historical Hurricane Tracks Database

Severity of the Tropical Cyclone Hazard

The severity of hurricanes and tropical storms is measured primarily by wind velocity, flooding, central pressure, and storm surge. Using a system known as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, Hurricanes are classified as Categories 1 through 5 based on wind speed and damage potential (Table 21).

Table 21: **Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale**
Category	Winds	Damage
1	74 - 95 mph	Minimal: Damage to building structures possible, primarily to unanchored older model mobile homes. Damage to poorly constructed signs, shrubbery, and trees. Loose outdoor items become projectiles. Numerous power outages.
2	96 - 110 mph	Widespread from very strong winds: Some roofing material, door, and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to trees, vegetation, mobile homes, and piers. A number of high-rise building glass windows dislodged to become projectiles. Widespread power outages up to several days
3	111 - 129 mph	Extensive from dangerous winds: Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with minor amount of wall failures. Mobile homes destroyed. Many trees uprooted or snapped. Power outages lasting several days or weeks.
4	130 - 156 mph	Devastating from extremely dangerous winds: Some wall failures with complete house roof structure failures. Extensive damage to doors, windows, and trees. Electricity unavailable for weeks.
5	> 156 mph	Catastrophic: Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small buildings blown over or away. Power outages for weeks or months.

Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Previous Occurrences of the Hurricane and Tropical Storm Hazard

The following tables provide data obtained from NOAA for hurricanes and tropical storms from 1994 to 2019. During this period, there were eight hurricanes and 15 tropical storm events that affected New Orleans. According to the NOAA data, the total property damage from 1994 to 2019 was over $3.6 billion, which includes over $3.5 billion in property damage resulting from Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Table 22: **Tropical Cyclone (Hurricane) Events, Orleans Parish, 1994-2019**
Date	Type	Name	Deaths	Property Damage
7/17/1997	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Danny	0	$0
9/27/1998	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Georges	0	$6,000,000
10/2/2002	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Lilli	0	$5,540,000
9/15/2004	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Ivan	0	$240,000
7/5/2005	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Cindy	0	$17,000,000
8/28/2005	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Katrina	638	$3,560,000,000
9/1/2008	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Gustav	0	$6,170,000
8/28/2012	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Hurricane Isaac	0	$26,800,000
Totals			638	$3,621,750,000

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Table 23: **Tropical Storm Events, Orleans Parish, 1994-2019**
Date	Type	Magnitude	Property Damage
9/10/1998	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Frances	$4,300,000
9/19/1998	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Hermine	$0
8/4/2002	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Bertha	$0
9/14/2002	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Hanna	$0
9/25/2002	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Isidore	$6,390,000
6/30/2003	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Bill	$2,000,000
10/9/2004	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Matthew	$3,000
7/10/2005	Tropical Storm	Hurricane Dennis	$0
9/23/2005	Tropical Storm	Hurricane Rita	$0
9/11/2008	Tropical Storm	Hurricane Ike	$100,000
11/9/2009	Tropical Storm	Hurricane Ida	$0
9/2/2011	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Lee	$10,000
9/2/2011	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Cindy	$10,000
6/20/2017	Tropical Storm	Hurricane Barry	$0
7/12/2019	Tropical Storm	Tropical Storm Frances	$0
Totals			$12,813,000

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a powerful Category 3 Hurricane that had a devastating impact on the New Orleans area and the entire Gulf Coast region. The storm initially formed over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005, as Tropical Depression 12. As the cyclone moved north and eventually west of the Bahamas, it continued to strengthen, reaching Category 1 hurricane status on August 25 shortly before making landfall on the southeast coast near Miami, Florida. Once back over open water, the storm quickly gained strength and briefly reached Category 5 intensity over the central Gulf of Mexico before making landfall near Buras, Louisiana, as a Category 3 hurricane.

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph and a massive storm surge of up to 28 feet that devastated parts of the Gulf Coast. The NHC attributed the catastrophic storm surge to several factors, including the size of the storm and the vast area of hurricane-force winds. See the Flood hazard profile for additional details about the storm surge associated with Hurricane Katrina.

Although storm surge and flooding from levee breaches were the dominant cause of damage, high winds from Hurricane Katrina caused considerable damage to some regions of the City of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. As the eye of the storm passed to the east of New Orleans, wind speeds near the center and to the east of the storm were near Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale. To the west of the eye, the NHC estimates that sustained winds throughout the New Orleans metropolitan area were less than Category 3 intensity. At the surface, the New Orleans area most likely experienced maximum sustained winds between 96 -110 mph (Category 2).

Along the Gulf Coast, inland from the storm surge areas, the leading causes of damage were high winds and wind-borne debris. After Katrina, FEMA studied the performance of buildings from New Orleans to Mobile, Alabama. The results were published in the July 2006 report titled “Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast, Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) Report” (FEMA 549). This report included the assessment of wind-induced envelope damage to residential, commercial, and critical facilities. It concluded that high winds and wind-borne debris from Katrina caused significant damage to roof systems, windows, exterior-mounted electrical, mechanical, and communication equipment. Blow-off of building envelope components and rooftop equipment also caused damage to adjacent buildings, as well as to the building themselves. Common windborne building envelope debris during Hurricane Katrina included roof coverings (particularly aggregate surfaces and asphalt shingles) and vinyl siding.

Although wind speeds in the New Orleans area were approximately 100 mph, slightly higher wind speeds were most likely experienced at elevations above the surface, as evidenced by the damages that occurred to many of the downtown high-rise buildings. Many of the high-rises experienced extensive window damage, which then allowed wind-driven rain into the interior. As noted in FEMA 549:

Several buildings in downtown New Orleans had isolated window breakage. These windows may have been broken by windborne debris, or they may have been weakened by scratches and failed when over-stressed by wind pressure. However, nine buildings along or near Poydras Street had extensive glazing damage that was indicative of damage caused by windborne roof aggregate. Except for two of these buildings, virtually all of the glazing damage occurred on the windward facades.

FEMA 549 indicates that the damages to the buildings within Cluster A were generally more significantly damaged than in Cluster B. This figure is followed by a sample of the type of window glazing damage that was experienced due to windborne debris from the high winds. Window glazing is considered the glass on the exterior of the building.

As mentioned earlier, Katrina’s winds also caused damage to rooftops and exterior windows and doors, allowing wind-driven rain to penetrate into the interior of both residential and commercial structures. After the hurricane, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) also studied the performance of structures and found that roof failures on buildings and residential structures were evident throughout the area. Typical roof damage included the failure of roof coverings, loss of roof decking, and, in some cases, the support structure. This is consistent with the conclusions found within FEMA 549. Figure 28 shows typical roof damage to residential structures in New Orleans. Most of the residential structures inspected by the MAT had asphalt shingle roof coverings. The vast majority of the observed roofs experienced damage, ranging from loss of a few hip trim shingles or tabs to loss of a large number of shingles and underlayment. FEMA 549 indicates that the house in the lower right-hand corner is circled to highlight that the roof damage was most likely initiated by blow off of a deck panel from the corner.

Figure 28: Typical Wind Damage to Residential Structures – Hurricane Katrina

Source: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast, Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) Report Hurricane, FEMA 549, July 2006

Table 24: **Summary of Damages and Deaths from Hurricane Katrina**
	Orleans Parish	Louisiana	Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Total Damages	$16.9 Billion	$38.8 Billion	$81 Billion
Number of Structures Damaged or Destroyed flood, storm surge, and wind	134,344	205,000	275,000
NFIP estimated paid claims, $	$7.9 Billion1	$12.6 Billion	$15.3 Billion
Schools Damaged	1242	875	1,154
Deaths	800	1,464	1,810

Note 1: Estimate of $7.9 billion for Orleans Parish based on 83,500 claims in the New Orleans area with an average claim of $94,803.

Note 2: Estimate is for public schools only. All Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB) schools experienced at least minor damage. Approximately 33 were severely damaged.

Sources include: General Accounting Office: NFIP, New Processes Aided Hurricane Katrina Claims Handling, but FEMA’s Oversight should be Improved. NOAA – NCDC; LA Department of Health and Hospitals; AIR Worldwide – Insurance Information Institute; US Department of Commerce – Gulf Coast Recovery; Louisiana Recovery Authority; National Association of Home Builders - American Red Cross; Louisiana Long-Term Community Recovery Planning; FEMA Federal Insurance Administration.

Hurricane Rita

On September 24, 2005, Hurricane Rita made landfall as a strong Category 3 hurricane in extreme southwestern Louisiana just west of Johnson’s Bayou in Cameron Parish. The storm occurred only three weeks after Hurricane Katrina had a devastating impact on Louisiana and the Gulf Coast. Similar to Katrina, Rita was also an intense hurricane that, at one point in the Gulf of Mexico, was a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

Approximately 48 hours before reaching the Gulf Coast, the storm began to weaken. It made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near the Texas/Louisiana border. With the exception of a small portion of western Louisiana, most of the southern part of the State experienced wind speeds ranging between 80-100 mph, the equivalent of a Category 1 or 2 hurricane.25

The highest observed wind gusts from Hurricane Rita were reported in Port Arthur, Texas, and Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana. Table 25 below provides a summary of the peak wind gusts.

Table 25: **Observed Peak Wind Gusts – Hurricane Rita**
Location	Peak Gust	Direction
Port Arthur, Texas	116	N
Calcasieu Pass, LA	112	E
New Orleans	42	NE
Marsh Island, LA	93	S
Lake Charles	74	NE

Source: NOAA – Hurricane Research Division

On the day the storm made landfall, a Presidential Disaster Declaration (DR-1607) was declared for parts of southern Louisiana. In the City of New Orleans, the disaster assistance from FEMA included emergency work (Categories A and B) for public assistance. The NHC estimated the storm caused an estimated $11.3 billion in damages to the Gulf Coast. In New Orleans, the maximum sustained winds were estimated at 34 mph.[1]

Hazard Impacts

Impact on Life and Property

Past hurricanes and tropical storms have had a major impact on life and property in New Orleans. Events such as Hurricane Betsy in 1965, and more recently, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, have resulted in many hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries. Tropical cyclone winds can cause major structural damage to private homes, businesses, and the critical facilities of the signatories through water intrusion or structural failure. Critical public safety operations like EMS service are interrupted during the event. Limb falls, fallen trees, and debris disrupt transportation and require collection and disposal. Power outages caused by tropical cyclone winds can impact healthcare facilities, disrupt essential social services, lead to a loss of food during extended outages impacts vulnerable communities, and a loss of public and private revenue caused by business interruption.

Table 26 summarizes the number of residential structures in Orleans Parish that sustained damage exclusively from high winds as a result of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. As noted in Section on Tropical Cyclones, the storm surge associated with Hurricane Katrina overtopped or breached numerous levees protecting the City of New Orleans. The widespread flooding damaged or destroyed thousands of residential properties in the Parish, many of which also experienced wind-related damage. The data indicate that 26,965 residential structures experienced only wind-related damage (no flood damage) from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. This total represents approximately 14.3% of the 188,251 residential structures in the Parish based on 2000 US Census data.

Table 26: **Orleans Parish Residential Structures Damaged by High Winds from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita**
Occupancy	Minor	Major	Destroyed	Total
Owner-Occupied	10,944	1,635	122	12,701
Rented-Occupied	10,855	3,037	372	14,264
Grand Total	21,799	4,672	494	26,965

Source: FEMA, Housing Unit Damage Estimates: Katrina, Rita, Wilma, April 2006

Vulnerability

Based on the past 25 years (1994-2019) of NOAA data, the annual probability that New Orleans will experience a tropical cyclone is 92%. Due to its proximity to the Gulf Coast, in conjunction with ongoing coastal land loss and the likely impacts of climate change, New Orleans is especially vulnerable to tropical cyclones.

[1] US Department of Commerce, N. (n.d.). NWS LIX - Hurricane Rita Post Storm Report page. NOAA’s National Weather Service. Retrieved December 17, 2020

Relevant Actions

Structural Projects

Action 2015.2.1

Improve drainage infrastructure through measures in high flood risk areas including, but not limited to, the upgrade and improvement of culvert design and construction and retention and detention areas.

Improve drainage infrastructure through measures including the upgrade and improvement of canals and drainage pipes and installation of retention and detention areas including green infrastructure.

Hazard: Flooding, Tropical Cyclones, Infrastructure Failure, Coastal Erosion, Subsidence
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: 5-10 years	Priority: High	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Department of Public Works), SWBNO	Support Agencies:	Cost: $2,000,000,000+	Funding source: FEMA, Army Corps of Engineers, City of New Orleans Capital Improvements	Emergency Support Function: ESF 3

Hazard: Tropical Cyclones, Coastal Erosion, Winter Weather
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: 5-10 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: Medium
Lead Agencies: City of New Orleans (Property Management), SWBNO	Support Agencies:	Cost: 90000000	Funding source: FEMA	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Flooding, Storm Surge, Tropical Cyclones, Coastal Erosion, Subsidence, Infrastructure Failure (levee failure)
Goal: Goal 3: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the natural environment including wetland restoration and recognition of New Orleans as a coastal city.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-5 years	Priority: High	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Office of Reslience & Sustainability), Tulane University Center for Environmental Law	Support Agencies:	Cost: City staff time	Funding source: CNO General Fund	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Flooding, Tropical Cyclones, Coastal Erosion, Subsidence, Infrastructure Failure
Goal: Goal 4: Maximize the involvement of individuals, businesses, and groups in risk reduction measures through education/outreach on hazard mitigation appropriate to all groups, particularly vulnerable populations.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness)	Support Agencies:	Cost: 225000	Funding source: CNO General Fund	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Flooding, Storm Surge, Tropical Cyclones, Infrastructure Failure , Coastal Erosion, Tornadoes, Subsidence
Goal: Goal 5: To promote, implement, and sustain mitigation measures in Orleans Parish in order to reduce and manage risks to human life, the environment, and property.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness, Property Management, Safety & Permits)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City staff time	Funding source: CNO General Fund	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Flooding, Tropical Cyclones, Infrastructure Failure, Coastal Erosion, Subsidence
Goal: Goal 6: To protect Orleans Parish and the surrounding region from the effects of natural and manmade hazards, ensuring community continuity in the event of such hazards.
Status:	Timeframe: 5-10 years	Priority: Med+G95:P98ium	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness)	Support Agencies:	Cost: $2,000,000,000+	Funding source: FEMA, Army Corps of Engineers, City of New Orleans Capital Improvements	Emergency Support Function: ESF 3

Hazard: Tropical Cyclones, Tornadoes
Goal: Goal 6: To protect Orleans Parish and the surrounding region from the effects of natural and manmade hazards, ensuring community continuity in the event of such hazards.
Status:	Timeframe: 5-10 years	Priority: High	2015 Priority: High
Lead Agencies: CNO (Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness)	Support Agencies:	Cost: TBD	Funding source: FEMA, DHS, HUD, Private Sector, City of New Orleans Capital Improvements	Emergency Support Function: ESF 12

Hazard: Flooding, Storm Surge, Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones, Coastal Erosion, Subsidence, Severe Thunderstorms, Extreme Heat, Winter Weather
Goal: Goal 1: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the human environment including cultural resources, homeowners, renters, visitors, and transient populations.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-3 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Office of Resilience & Sustainability)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time	Funding source: CNO General Fund, State and Federal Grants, Philanthropic Grants	Emergency Support Function: ESF 14

Hazard: Flooding, Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones, Severe Thunderstorms, Winter Weather, Active Threats, Infrastructure Failure
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: 2-5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Office of Resilience & Sustainability)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time, Contract Labor	Funding source: Homeland Security, FEMA, Health and Human Services	Emergency Support Function: ESF 2, ESF 4, ESF 6, ESF 8, ESF 10

Hazard: Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones, Severe Thunderstorms
Goal: Goal 3: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the natural environment including wetland restoration and recognition of New Orleans as a coastal city.
Status:	Timeframe: 3-5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: SWBNO	Support Agencies:	Cost:	Funding source: CNO General Fund, State and Federal Grants	Emergency Support Function: ESF 12

Hazard: Flooding, Storm Surge, Coastal Erosion, Tropical Cyclones, Subsidence
Goal: Goal 4: Maximize the involvement of individuals, businesses, and groups in risk reduction measures through education/outreach on hazard mitigation appropriate to all groups, particularly vulnerable populations.
Status:	Timeframe: 3 to 5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Office of Resilience & Sustainability)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time	Funding source: Philanthropy, School Board	Emergency Support Function: ESF 15

Hazard: Tropical Cyclones, Severe Thunderstorms, Tornadoes
Goal: Goal 5: To promote, implement, and sustain mitigation measures in Orleans Parish in order to reduce and manage risks to human life, the environment, and property.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-5 years	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Office of Community Development)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time	Funding source: State Revenue	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Flooding, Extreme Heat, Winter Weather, Tropical Cyclones
Goal: Goal 5: To promote, implement, and sustain mitigation measures in Orleans Parish in order to reduce and manage risks to human life, the environment, and property.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-3 years	Priority: Low	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Department of Public Works, Office of Resilience & Sustainability)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time	Funding source: CNO General Fund	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: Extreme Heat, Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones, Severe Thunderstorms
Goal: Goal 5: To promote, implement, and sustain mitigation measures in Orleans Parish in order to reduce and manage risks to human life, the environment, and property.
Status:	Timeframe: 1-3 years	Priority: High	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: CNO (Parks & Parkways)	Support Agencies:	Cost: City Staff Time, Contract Labor	Funding source: CNO General Fund, State and Federal Grants, Philanthropic Grants, and Private Funds	Emergency Support Function: ESF 5

Hazard: All
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: TBD	Priority: Medium	2015 Priority: N/A
Lead Agencies: SWBNO Emergency Mgmt	Support Agencies:	Cost: 21000000	Funding source: PDM/SWBNO	Emergency Support Function: ESF 6

Hazard: Flooding,Storm Surge,Tropical Cyclones,Tornadoes,Subsidence,Winter Weather,Extreme Heat,Severe Thunderstorms
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: On Going	Priority: High	2015 Priority:
Lead Agencies: Tulane University (Office of Risk Management)	Support Agencies:	Cost: Cost will be project specific	Funding source: GOHSEP; FEMA	Emergency Support Function: ESF 3

Hazard: Flooding,Tropical Cyclones,Coastal Erosion,Tornadoes,Subsidence,Winter Weather,Extreme Heat,Severe Thunderstorms
Goal: Goal 2: Reduce risk and vulnerability to the built environment including current and future structures; critical facilities; historic structures; and infrastructure, including communications infrastructure.
Status:	Timeframe: 1 year	Priority: High	2015 Priority:
Lead Agencies: Tulane University (Office of Capital Projects and Real Estate)	Support Agencies:	Cost: Staff Time and Data Costs	Funding source: NOAA; USGS; NOAA; FEMA; TDEM; DOT; DHS; EPA; GOHSEP	Emergency Support Function:

Hazards